Bedding Plant Pests-Top

Bedding Plant Pests and Their Control

     

 

 

 

 

 

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Pests and Beneficial Organisms

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Pests and Beneficial Arthropods of All Kinds Observed in Our Trials

    The arthropod and disease pests found here should not necessarily be viewed as an indication that a crop is not manageable.  Many pests are controlled naturally by beneficial arthropods (insects, mites and other organisms) and beneficial diseases and nematodes that attack plant pests, all utilized by the professional or informed homeowner employing integrated pest management (IPM).  Many pests may be present during the lifetime of the crop, but may not render the crop unacceptable in appearance.  Refer to Articles, Papers & Reports for performance and to university recommendations found on this page and other web links, as well as your county extension service for control of these pests.

 

 

 For pictures and more information, click on:

Focus on Arthropods Focus on Disease Focus on Other Pest Animals

 

 

Click on a subject below for some websites with sources of information on related topics, or scroll down the page for even more information.

Insects

Bacteria

Mites

Fungi

Nematodes

Virus Slugs/Snails/Other Pest Resources

Click on a link below:

Click on a link below: Click on a link below: Click on a link below: Click on a link below: Click on a link below: Click on a link below: Click on a link below:
U. of Florida U. of Idaho U. of Florida U. of Georgia U. of Nebraska The VIDE (Virus Identification Data Exchange) Project U. of Florida U. Bonn, Germany
(Featured Creatures) Information and assistance with plant pathogenic bacteria (Featured Creatures) Fungal Library Plant and Insect Parasitic Nematodes Plant Viruses Online (Featured Creatures) The Plant Pathology Internet Guide Book
U. of Virginia       U. of Nebraska      
(Insect Pests of Ornamental Plants Slide Show)       What are Nematodes?      
USDA              
Systematic Entomology Laboratory              

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Click on: Links to Publications on Pests and Their Control for more information.

 

 

 

 

New Insect Order Found in Southern Africa

 

The National Geographic The BBC Scientific American EurekAlert! Sciencexpress - Report (PDF file)

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Focus on: Arthropods

What's an arthropod?  Click on the gators: 

Basic Entomology Tutorial  from North Carolina State University Dr. D. J.  Shetlar’s Course on Insects of Ornamentals from Ohio State University Arthropoda

The Tree of Life Web Project

Insect information and classification:

Iziko Museums of Cape Town.

Arthropods:

BugGuide.Net.  

    "An online resource devoted to North American insects, spiders and their kin, offering identification, images, and information." (Troy Bartlett--BugGuide)

ROK

Information on insect orders and families: 

University of Florida Dept. of Entomology & Nematology.

 

 

 

Beneficial Arthropods

Click on: the beneficial or pest arthropod name found below to view pictures and access information links, or scroll down the page.

Aphid parasites.

Assassin bug feeding on wasp.

Friend or foe?  A true bug on treasure flower and flowering tobacco.

Jumping Spider with pray.

Lady beetles.

Parasite on Io Moth Larva. Parasites of lepidopterous larvae also found on celosia, black-eyed-Susan and zinnia. Hover Fly larvae feeding on aphids. New insect order. University of Florida

Entomology and Nematology Department

 

Links to University of Florida publications with pictures of these animals by D.E. Short, F.A. Johnson and J.L. Castner: 

Beneficial Insects Sheet 1 Beneficial Insects Sheet 2 Beneficial Insects Sheet 3 Beneficial Insects Sheet 4
Click on: Links to Publications on Pests and Their Control for more information.

Arthropod Pests

Aphids

Armyworms

Budworms

Cabbage Webworm

Crane Fly

Colorado Potato Beetle Cucumber beetle Cotton Stainer Diamondback Moth Grasshopper
Granulate Cutworm Leafminers Leaffotted Bug Leafroller on these crops: Leaftier
Canna Irsene
Lifecycle-Lepidoptera (Monarch Butterfly) Loopers Search for: Insect Orders and Families in Featured Creatures Spider Mites Stink Bugs
Thrips Tobacco Hornworm Whitefly    

Oleander Caterpiller Moth4.JPG (145648 bytes)  What is it?  Looks are deceiving. This insect resembles a wasp, but it really is a moth; and though it is not a bedding plant pest, it is a pest on an ornamental plant.  Click on the gator to learn more: 

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Focus on: Other Animal Pests

 

Birds

Cows (yes, cows!) Slugs    

 

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Focus on: Diseases

Disease Pests

Bacteria

Xanthomonas Leaf Spot

       

xxx

Fungi

Alternaria

Colletotrichum Choanephora flower blight Fusarium Graymold
Myrothecium Leaf Spot Powdery Mildew Pythium Damping-off and Root Rot Rhizoctonia Rusts
Soilborne Pathogens of Geranium        

 

Virus

On Sunflower

       

 

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Focus on: Arthropods

 

 

Beneficial Arthropods

Jumping Spiders - Class: Arachnida; Order: Araneae; Family: Salticidae

 

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A female gray wall jumping spider (Menemerus bivittatus) captures a fly. Other views of a female gray wall jumping spider. A male gray wall jumping spider. Salticidae (Araneae) of the World - Click on the "GatorWeb"

What is the world's largest spider?  Click on the spider above.

Spider Publications - Click on the "GatorWeb"

Common Florida spiders.

Poisonous spiders in Florida.

University of Florida Featured Creatures: Spiders. Spider classification. The arachnology home page.

Scroll down to see more beneficial arthropods.                                                  Scroll down to see more beneficial arthropods.

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Beneficial Arthropods

Braconids - Order: Hymenoptera; Family: Braconidae

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Parasite pupae on the surface of an Io Moth lava.

Below: white cocoons of parasites [Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae] of lepidopterous larvae on various crops in our spring trials.
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Plant:  Zinnia violacea (formally Z. hybrida) in the unsprayed field (spring 2004). Showing openings in empty pupal cases.  Plant: Rudbeckia hirta in the unsprayed field (spring 2004). Plant: Celosia argentia [spicata group] in the unsprayed field (spring 2004).
Click on the gator next to the parasitized worm for more information on braconids:

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Beneficial Arthropods

Assassin Bugs - Order: Hemiptera; Family: Reduviidae

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A species of assassin bug (Zelus longipes) in the family Reduviidae [assassin and thread-legged bugs)] feeding on a wasp.  Wheel bugs belong to another group in this family, identified by the semicircular toothed pronotum (shield-like segment behind the head) resembling a cogwheel.  Zelus spp. do not have this feature.

Friend or foe?  Unidentified immature (nymph) true bugs on treasure flower (Gazania) foliage and a flowering tobacco (Nicotiana) flower.  Are they beneficial insects or pests?  Based on the wide, flattened leaf-like hind tibia [lower leg segment on the metathoractic (third set) legs], it could be a young leaf-footed plant bug--possibly Leptoglossus sp.--a plant pest in the family Coreidae.

 

Click on the gator/bug to see pictures of Zelus longipes. Click on the gator/bug to see pictures of other assassin bug species.

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Beneficial Arthropods

Hover Fly - Order: Diptera; Family: Syrphidae

Hover Fly 3a.JPG (185533 bytes) Hover Fly 4b.JPG (173845 bytes)

Hover fly, syrphid, or flower fly.  

Close-up of larva feeding on Oleander aphids [Aphis nerii] on milkweed.
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Hover fly larva forming a pupa A pupa hidden in milkweed flowers. 
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Adults (~ 1.2 cm long) that emerged from the pupae shown above.

An adult (possibly a male - eyes are holoptic) from another species (Allograpta obliqua) resting on a flower and juniper bush.

Click on the gator to find out more.

    And so the story goes...there's usually a bigger fish after the fish that's after the fish.  The same is true in the world of insects.  The hover fly larva is after the aphid, but what about the hover fly?  Click on the fish to find out what parasite hunts the hover fly.  And that's not all.  Click on the gator below to see an assassin bug feeding on a paper wasp, also an insect predator that feeds on insects that feed on plants.

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Beneficial Arthropods

Beetles - Order: Coleoptera; Family: Coccinellidae

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Pupa of lady beetle [Cycloneda sanguinea (L.)?].

Adult lady beetle [Cycloneda sanguinea (L.)?].

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Arthropod Pests

Classes shown here: Arachnida (mites) and Insecta (insects)

Search for insect orders and families in Featured Creatures (University of Florida Dept. of Entomology & Nematology) by clicking on the gator:

Scroll down to see more arthropod pests.                                                  Scroll down to see more arthropod pests.

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Class: Arachnida

Mites - Order: Acari; Family: Tetranychidae

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Twospotted spidermites on African marigold (Tagetes patula)

Mites and mite eggs on gazania (G. rigens)

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Class: Insecta

Grasshoppers - Order: Orthoptera; Family: Acrididae

Another pest observed on hibiscus is the shorthorned grasshopper:

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  A nymph and adult (on white plastic mulch) of unidentified species, most likely the American grasshopper (Schistocerca americana; June 2005).  The adult was very hard to approach to photograph, flying off when six feet away. Damaged hibiscus foliage attributed to the grasshopper June 28, 2005.

Damaged hibiscus foliage with grasshopper nymph present July 3, 2005.

 

Damage to flowers:

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Cucumber beetle also causes damage to hibiscus.  Click on the gator to view this pest:   See also: cotton stainer bug:

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 Thrips - Order: Thysanoptera; Family: Thripidae 

Pansies and Viola

Symptoms of flower thrips feeding on dark blue and red/yellow pansies.

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Symptoms of flower thrips feeding on yellow and orange pansies.

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Symptoms of flower thrips feeding on bicolored violas.

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No symptoms of flower thrips feeding scars were seen on white or white with blotch color patterns, despite the presence of the dark purple in the blotch, a color that would be attacked in a solid purple flower.

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No flower thrips feeding scar symptoms were observede on the Beaconsfield color pattern of white cap petals with dark blue-violet face.  Also, no sign of feeding scar symptoms were seen on black flowers.

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Heartwing sorrel (Rumex hastatulus) was found to be full of thrips.  This weed is very common, ranging from central Florida to Massachusetts.

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Zinnia

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Thrips sp. from bedding plant flower.

Thrips damage on young Zinnia elegans flower in early spring.  Pansies shown above were still in the field in rows adjacent to this plant.

Thrips damage to flower petals.

 
Click on the gator for information about thrips:
 

Thrips species on ornamental plants - University of Florida.

Detailed information about thrips species from Glades Crop Care.

Greenhouse management - IPM of Alaska.

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"Worms" - Lepidopterous Larvae and Adults

Key to Most Common Caterpillars Found on Flowers and Foliage Plants - North Carolina State University

 

 

Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Hesperiidae 

Leafroller on Canna

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Severely damaged leaf.

Damaged leaf tied together.

The exposed larvae (note white points of attachment for silk for rolling leaf).

Damage from the larger canna leafroller (Calpodes ethlius (Stoll) on Canna ×generalis  foliage was not seen in our field trials, but was serious in planters placed next to a brick wall with a southern exposure with night lighting.  Click on gator to see another leafroller on iresine:
To distinguish leafrollers from leaftiers, click on the gator:

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 Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Unidentified

Leaftier on Globe-Amaranth

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Damaged leaves tied together.

The exposed larva.

Pupa.

Damage from leaftier to the foliage of Gomprena globosa (globe-amaranth) was minor.  For diseases on this crop, click on the gator:
To distinguish leafrollers from leaftiers, click on the gator: To view leafrollers, click one of the gators:

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Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Noctuidae 

Armyworms, Budworms and Loopers

Ageratum looper adult3-VT-Sp02.jpg (323380 bytes) VT-Sp03-126Bworm feed.JPG (261138 bytes) VT-Sp03-31-SAW-6a.JPG (213341 bytes)VT-Sp03-31-SAW-3a.JPG (235189 bytes) 13Dplant2J6-VT-W-03-04-BAW-Fo1.JPG (283528 bytes)

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Adults that emerged from larvae of a looper species that fed on ageratum foliage.

Armyworm and looper damage on French marigold. Armyworm feeding on Phlox foliage. Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) infesting dianthus hybrid.

Views of a larva believed to be beet armyworm.  The specimen at bottom with green arrow pointing to a black spot found on the mesothorax (body segment containing the second pair of legs). 

Southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) feeding on a pansy flower.

Fall armyworm also can be found on flowers, but prefers vegetable and ornamental grasses.  Click on the gator to find out more about this species.  

Beet Armyworm and Granulate Cutworm on Cupflower and Sweet Alyssum

Crops such as cupflower (Nierembergia hippomanica) and sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima) for a carpet of foliage and flowers.  Uppon lifting the foliage mats, these insects can be found sheltered by the foliage and feeding on it.

Cupflower Sweet Alyssum
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Cupflower with worm damage. Beet Armyworm. Lifting up the mat of foliage, granulate cutworm on cupflower. Sweet alyssum with worm damage. Lifting up the mat of foliage, granulate cutworm on sweet alyssum.

To find out more about cutworms, click on the gator.  

Budworms on Flowering Tobacco (see also: Colorado Potato Beetle and tobacco hornworm)

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Evidence of budworms: feeding hole in a flower of flowering tobacco flower bud and feeding damage to flower. Budworm larva and feeding damage on flowering tobacco. A handful of budworm larvae in different stages of development and with different colors.
Budworms  that may be either the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) or the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), which also feeds on tobacco, on nicotiana plants in the unsprayed field.

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Examples of Lifecycles

Complete Metamorphosis

Read about metamorphosis: 

Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Danaidae

Monarch Butterfly on Milkweed

Danaus plexippus

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Egg

Larva

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Mature Stage - notice wings beneath surface of pupal case.

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Chrysalis

Adult

 

Click on the gators to find out more about Monarchs:

Enter the term "milkweed" in the common name window.

Florida monarchs.

Monarch migrations and facts.

Milkweed species (GRIN)

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 Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Pyralidae

Cabbage Webworm

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Adult and pupa

Signs of feeding on stem.

Larvae exposed, feeding in pithy center of stem..

 Cabbage webworm (Hellula rogatalis) on Cleome hasslerana.

Leafroller

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Leafroller species on iresine (Iresine herbsii).

 

Click on gator for another leafroller on canna:

To distinguish leafrollers from leaftiers, click on the gator:

To view leaftiers, click one of the gators:

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 Diamondback Moth - Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Plutellidae 

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Foliage damage

 Flower damage Larva (~ 1 cm) Pupation Adult

Plutella xylostella on wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri)

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Tobacco Hornworm - Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Sphingidae

VT-Sp05-HrnW1a1a-Nic-6-9-05.JPG (170589 bytes)

Tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) on flowering tobacco.

Other flowering tobacco pest pictures: Colorado potato beetle and budworms

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Aphids - Order: Hemiptera (Homoptera); Family: Aphididae

Beneficial Arthropods

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Oleander aphid [Aphis nerii] on milkweed.  The arrow indicates a winged adult.

Parasitized oleander aphids (called mummies because of their dry tan colored appearance) on milkweed.  The arrow indicates an emergence hole made by a parasite, most likely a braconid wasp, Lysiphlebus testaceipes. The adult parasites (~ 2 mm long) that emerged from the aphid mummies.  This appears to be a Lysiphlebus sp; Lysiphlebus testaceipes is considered the most common species to parasitize the oleander aphid.

Click on a gator to find out more about these parasites.

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Leaffooted Bug - Order: Hemiptera; Family: Coreidae 

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Leaffooted bug (Leptoglossus phyllopus) was observed feeding on millet seed heads.

To see green stink bug feed on ornamental millet, click on gator:

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Stink Bugs - Order: Hemiptera; Family: Pentatomidae 

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A species of stinkbug (Euschistus quadrator) was observed on impatiens.  The insect comes from Africa (Tanzania to Mozambique).  Southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula) was observed feeding on millet seed heads.  

To see leaffooted bug feed on ornamental millet, click on gator:

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Cotton Stainer - Order: Hemiptera; Family: Pyrrhocoridae

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Cotton stainer (Dysdercus suturellus) bugs aggregating in mating pairs between the calyx and seed pod on the swamp rose-mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos).  No noticeable damage has been observed to date for this pest on this crop in our trials.  Other pests observed in our trials on swamp rose-mallow have not caused any serious damage either:  cucumber beetle  and American grasshopper.

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Leafminers - Order: Diptera; Family: Agromyzidae

 

 

Find out more about leafminers by clicking on the gator: 

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Leafmines and stipples on sweet alyssum 

(Lobularia maritima)

Leafmines on zinnia.

(Zinnia elegans)

Leafmines and stipples on wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri)

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Crane Fly - Order: Diptera; Family: Tipulidae

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When you see the enlargement of cane fly (above), you will notice two pronounced halteres (nobes) protruding from beneath  the two wings between the second and third pairs of legs.  Click on the gator to find out more about these structures and general information about flies:

 .

Find out more about crane flies by clicking on a gator: 

Some species feed on decaying plant debris, larva sometimes confused with wireworms.

Some species are plant pests.

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Beetles - Order: Coleoptera; Family: Chrysomelidae

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Cucumber beetle on Tithonia rotundifolia flowers. Cucumber beetle on Hibiscus moscheutos flowers. Cucumber beetle is suspected to have caused this feeding on Hibiscus moscheutos foliage, but no insects were found.  
Colorado Potato Beetle on Flowering Tobacco

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Egg mass of the Colorado potato beetle on flowering tobacco (see also: Budworms on Flowering Tobacco). Colorado potato beetle larvae feeding on flowering tobacco buds and flowers. Colorado potato beetle adult feeding on flowering tobacco foliage.

Grasshoppers also cause some damage to hibiscus.  Click on the gator to view this pest:

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Whitefly - Order: Hemiptera (Homoptera); Family: Aleyrodidae

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Hibiscus (Hibiscus moscheutos) with whitefly infestation underneath foliage (middle).  Notice small red blotches on upper leaf (left) surface. More images of whitefly on Hibiscus moscheutos.  There is an adult emerging from a pupal case, pupae, and other stages, as well as mites in the lower left quadrant.  Similar images of all these arthropods appear in the left picture.  Also see a pupae in the upper right quadrant edge with "eyes" appearing as two dots. 

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Pests of All Kinds Observed in Our Trials

    The pests found here should not necessarily be viewed as an indication that the crop is not manageable.  Many pests are controlled naturally by beneficial arthropods (insects, mites and other species) and by the professional or homeowner using integrated pest management (IPM).  Many pests may be present during the lifetime of the crop, but may not render the crop unacceptable in appearance.  Refer to Articles, Papers & Reports for performance and university recommendations found on this page, on the web or at your county extension service for control of these pests.

Click on: the pest or beneficial found below that you wish to view, or scroll down the page.

 

Focus on: Diseases

 

Bacteria

Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas capestris pv vesicatoria) can be a serious pest on many crops.  On pepper plants, the spots are very wet looking and coellesce to form large dark areas. 

Bacterial leaf spot symptoms (water-soaked lesions) on pepper leaves:

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Bacterial leaf spot symptoms on geraniums:

Bacterial leaf spot symptoms on geraniums caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii:

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Spots. Disease spreading in leaf. Movement of disease in leaf vascular tissue. Wilting in plant. Symptoms of chlorosis and necrosis. Varying degrees of disease severity.
 

Click on the gator to read more about bacterial diseases found on ornamentals: .

Click on the gator to see the affects of soilborne fungal pathogens.

Bacterial leaf spot symptoms on geraniums:

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Bacterial streaming from the edge of a necrotic lesion (spot) on a leaf. Close-up of bacterial streaming showing small rods of bacteria.

Xanthomonas (yellow colonies) isolated on a plate of nutrient agar.  The white mass at the bottom of the plate is the fast-growing Bacillus thuringiensis, used to control infestations of lepidopterous larvae (worms).

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Fungi

An introductory guide to the study of moulds (fungi) by David Malloch, University of Toronto

 

Alternaria

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Alternaria species conidiophores isoloated from ornamental bedding plant flower petals.  Click on the gator to learn more about this fungus: .  Click on the conidiophores pictured on the left to view more pictures of Alternaria (U. of Georgia):

Alternaria Lesions on Globe-Amaranth

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Damage from leafspot to foliage of Gomprena globosa (globe-amaranth) was minor.  

To view insect pests on this crop, click on the gator:  .

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Choanephora

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Petunia flowers in lowers in early stages of disease.

Diseased flower lower beginning to collapse. A healthy bud next to heavily invested flowers Two diseased flowers "melting" together.

Choanephora flower blight (Choanephora sp.) on petunia.

To view Choanephora under the microscope, click on the gator:

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Colletotrichum

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Antracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) isoloated from an ornamental bedding plant.

To view anthracnose on pansy from North Carolina State, click on the gator:

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Fusarium

See Soilborne Pathogens on Geranium below.

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Graymold

Graymold (Botrytis sp.) infesting a pansy flower in the late stages of the disease.  This disease is common on older, dying plant tissue, but under the right conditions of temperature and humidity, can spread to healthy tissue.

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1 & 2. Flowers with the typical circular lesions seen in the early stages of the disease.

3. Graymold infested  flower seen transferring large amounts of disease inoculum to pansy leaf.

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1 & 2. Leaf lesions suspected to be caused by the presence of large amounts of graymold conidia (spores) on flowers.

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Read more about graymold [also called damping-off disease of seedlings (Botrytis cinerea)], click on a gator:

1. Botrytis Blight on Ornamentals-Diagnosis and Control (A. R. Chase) - Western Connection (newsletter, Western Farm Service).

2. Botrytis Primer (A. K. Gonsalves & S. A. Ferreira) - University of Hawaii (see Hawaii's Agricultural Gateway - Research, Education, Outreach Groups).

2. Graymold image - young petunia plant - Clemson University- USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series.

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Myrothecium Leaf Spot

Description of disease.

Click on thumbnails.

Myrothecium leaf spot (Myrothecium roridum) on fibrous rooted begonia transplants.

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To view Myrothecium leaf spot on New Guinea impatiens from North Carolina State, click on the gator:

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Powdery Mildew

Powdery mildew species on common zinnia [Zinnia violacea Cav. (Syn: Zinnia elegans)].

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Powdery mildew species on pansy (Viola X wittrockiana). VT-W0304-112C-powderyMildew4.JPG (352239 bytes) VT-W0304-112C-powderyMildew1.JPG (398406 bytes) VT-W0304-112C-powderyMildew6.JPG (381146 bytes)
Powdery mildew species on viola (Viola cornuta and Viola ×williamsii). VT-W0304-166D1-powderyMildew.JPG (281971 bytes) VT-W0304-166D2-powderyMildew.JPG (260729 bytes)
Powdery mildew species on treasure flower (Gazania rigens). VT-W0304-164C-powderyMildew1.JPG (201429 bytes)
Powdery mildew species on flower petals. GCREC-PMPetDam-112804-4a.JPG (213508 bytes)

Find out more about powdery mildew by clicking on the gator:

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Pythium species

Description of disease.

Click on thumbnails.

Pythium is one of the fungi responsible for damping-off and root rot in bedding plants.  It is an oomycete, commonly called a water mold.

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Colonies of Pythium gowing on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA)

Agar plugs of Pythium cut from the colonies growing on the PDA and placed in a vegetable broth to promote growth of the mycelium mats

Vegetable broth washed away and replaced with water, showing the original plugs and the white mats of Pythium suspended in the water.

The formation of many oogonia and oop in the washed plates.

Oospores (picuture A and B) and  the elongated sporangia (C) of a pythium species.

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Information on oomycetes and production proceedures for sporangea and zoospores : Oomycetes - Aspen.

(The American Phytopathological Society)

Zoospores

Helios - Edinburgh University

 

Compare Pythium with black root rot (Thielaviopsis basicola).

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Rhizoctonia species

Description of disease.

Click on thumbnails.

Rhizoctonia (R. sp.) step leaf, stem and root rot of spot on fibrous rooted begonia transplants.  Pictures and information on: Rhizoctonia (The American Phytopathological Society)

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Rusts

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Rust on ornamental millet (Pennsetum glaucum).

Rust on Cape Daisy (Dimorphotheca aurantiaca).

Rust on morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea).

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Soilborne Pathogens of Geranium

Description of disease.

Click on thumbnails.

Plant samples of different cultivars of geranium suspected of being infested with one or more soilborne pathogens such as Fusarium and Rhizoctonia sp.  Samples from two different cultivar series and three different colors of seed-propagated geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum) were diagnosed by plant pathologists.  Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium and Phytophthora were isolated from the crown and/or roots of these samples.  Because Fusarium can be saprophyte, it could not be determined positively that the isolates were the primary pathogen causing disease in this case.  Below are pictures from a geranium diagnosed to be infested with Fusarium and Rhizoctonia in the winter 2002-2003 variety trial. 

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Symptoms of soilborne disease expressed on a whole geranium plant in which Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium  sp. were isolated. The whole plant removed from the plot, soil removed from around the roots. Close-up of the root and crown area. Split stem showing healthy-looking interior above the crown area between shoot and roots.

Click on the gator to see the affects of the baterium, Xanthomonas on geranium:          

 

 

 

     
 
Information on soilborne pathogens (The American Phytopathological Society).

Fusarium biology.

Phytophthora biology. Pythium biology. Rhizoctonia biology.

Fusarium disease cycle.

Phytophthora disease cycle. Pythium disease cycle. Rhizoctonia disease cycle.

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Virus

Description of disease.

Click on thumbnails.

Young sunflower plants of the same cultivar.  The picture on the left shows a plant infested with a virus, that on the right is symptom-free.

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Other Pests

 

The Rest of the Story

Higher Forms of Life and Trouble

The Birds

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Viola plants nipped off at the plant base.

An entire viola plant lifted out of the ground, its roots desiccated. Dianthus plant with flower nipped off. Close-up of the nipped dianthus stem. The dianthus flower lying next to the plant.

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Blackbirds gather in the early morning to drink, eat insects, and (unfortunately) they are suspected of destroying some bedding plants.

Now for desert!  Blackbirds eye another meal.  Most of the damage occurred on the edges of the field were the soil had been cultivated (bring insects to the surface) and water was flowing in ditches.  No other bird species was found in the area after several attacks. Click on the gator above to see and read about an episode of blackbird damage to corn plants reported by  UCONN IPM.

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Slugs

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This is a picture of a species [~3 inches (7.6 cm) long] that may or may not cause economic damage to a crop, but some others do.

To find out more about slugs, click on the gator:

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The Cows

A recreation of the incident we least expected - cows with flower fever.

    When you have succeeded in growing a good crop, something unexpected rears its ugly head and takes to the flower fields with a big appetite.  As Saturday Night Live's Rosanna Dana said, "There's always something!"  For us, that something was a cow that broke through a fence and was heading straight for our flowers.  We were fortunate that our field crew saw the danger and came to the rescue just in the nick of time.

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Publication Links - Beneficial Organisms, and Pests and Their Control

If you do not have Adobe Reader software for viewing PDF files, you can download it for free on their website www.adobe.com.

Arthropods (insects, mites and other related pests) and Nematodes (round worms)

Arthropod/Plant Host Database
Arthropods - Web Information Sources for Educators - Exploratorium
Beneficial Insects Sheets 1-4 - University of Florida
The Exotic Invasion of Florida, A Report on Arthropod Immigration into the Sunshine State. - Fresh from Florida, Entomology Section
Featured Creatures, University of Florida Department of Entomology- University of Florida
Glossary of Entomology Terms - compiled by Greenvalley Pest Control
IRAC: Insecticide Resistance Action Committee - Resistance Management for Sustainable Agriculture & Improved Public Health.
Management of Fungus Gnats in Ornamentals - University of Florida
Management of Plant Parasitic Nematodes - University of California, Davis
Nematodes and Their Management - University of Florida
Nematode Management in Bedding Plants in the Landscape - North Carolina State University (contains Florida data on crop susceptibility)
Plant Parasitic Nematodes - University of Florida
Principles of Entomology (ENY 3005; Basic Entomology) Lab Manuel - University of Florida
Insect and Insect-Related Software Developed by the University of Florida - University of Florida
Insect Management on Landscape Plants - University of Florida
Insect and Mite Management Suggestions for Commercial Gerbera Production - University of Florida
Insect and Mite Management Options on Commercial Greenhouse-Grown Flower Crops in Florida [PDF] - University of Florida
Insect and Mite Management Suggestions on Commercial Field and Shade House-Grown Flower Crops in Florida [PDF] - University of Florida
Insecticides, Miticides & Molluscicides Available to Florida's Floricultural Industry [PDF] - University of Florida
Insect and Related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants - North Carolina State University
Pesticide Options for Important Insect, Mite and Mollusk Pests of Commercial Flowers in Florida [PDF] - University of Florida
Singing Insects of North America, J. M. Walker and T. E. Moore - University of Florida
Thrips; Western Flower Thrips Identification - Government of South Austrailia

Scroll down further for more links, or go back to the top.

 

Pest Alert (University of Florida) and General Information on Pests and Their Control

Biological Control, A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America - Cornell University
Distance Diagnostic and Identification System (DDIS) - University of Florida
Entomology - Nematology - Plant Pathology - University of Florida
Greenhouse Pest Posse Newsletters - Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, Adams County Cooperative Extension
Insects, Plant Diseases, Pesticides, and Weeds (including Integrated Pest Management) - University of Florida
Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops - Texas A & M
IPM - Intergrated Pest Management in Florida  - University of Florida
IPM - Integrated Pest Management for Bedding Plants - New York State
NPIC - National Pesticide Information Center - Oregon State University
Pest Alert  - University of Florida
Pest Management Practices and Chemical Use in Florida's Ornamental Plant Nursery Industry
Pesticide Labels and MSDS Sheets - Chemical and Pharmaceutical Press Greenbook (free registration online for access)
Pesticide Labels and MSDS Sheets - Crop Data Management Systems, Inc. (CDMS)
Pesticide Labels and MSDS Sheets and More - PAN (Pesticide Action Network) Pesticides Database
U.S. EPA Methyl Bromide Phase Out Web Site - United States Environmental Protection Agency
USDA - Plant Protection and Quarantine - USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
The Virtual Plant & Pest Diagnostic Laboratory - Purdue University

Scroll down further for more links, or go back to the top.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plant Disease

Sources include: EDIS and Plant Pathology Extension Publications, University of Florida.

Abiotic Plant Diseases in Florida Landscapes - University of Florida (PDF file)
Bacterial Identification and Fatty Acid Analysis - University of Florida  

Biology and Management of Diseases of Greenhouse Florist Crops (view as HTML file) - Cornell University (view as PDF file)

Common Diseases of Bedding Plants - By Dr. Sharon M. Douglas, Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
Floriculture Disease Links - Compiled by Marcia Stefani, Ag. Research Specialist, Hampton Roads AREC
FRAC - Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
Fungicides for Bedding Plant Production - University of Florida (PDF file)
Mistaken Identities for Plant Diseases - University of Florida (PDF file)
Moulds (fungi) - Guide - David Malloch, University of Toronto
Ornamental Plant Disease Fact Sheets - Pennsylvania State University
Online Guide to Plant Disease Control - Oregon State University Extension
Powdery Mildews of Ornamentals - University of Illinois Extension (view as HTML) or (view as PDF file)
Pest Management Handbook - Clemson University Extension
Phytobacteriology Resource List - University of Idaho
Plant Disease Clinic - University of Florida  
Plant Disease and Plant Disease Diagnosis - Montana State University
Plant Viruses Online - Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards).

Retail Garden Center Series: Homeowner Fungicide Products for Diseases of Ornamentals - University of Florida

Rhizoctonia Diseases on Ornamentals - A. R. Chase, Western Farm Service (PDF file)
Powdery Mildew of Ornamentals and Shade Trees - R.K. Jones and D.M. Benson - North Carolina State University
Using Temperature Information to Aid in Controlling Diseases of Ornamentals - A. R. Chase and C. A. Conover, University of Florida

Scroll down further for more links, or go back to the top.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plant Diseases - On Selected Bedding Plants and Other Ornamentals

Daylily Puccinia hemerocallidis, Cause of Daylily Rust, a Newly Introduced Disease in the Americas - José R. Hernández, et. al., USDA. 2002.
Geranium Diseases of Geranium - Dr. Sharon M. Douglas, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
Impatiens Impatiens (Impatiens) Plant Health Problems/Insect Problems - Dr. Sharon M. Douglas, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
Pansy Diseases of Pansy and Their Control - J. Mullen and A. Hagan, Auburn University.
Vinca Diseases of Annual Vinca in the Greenhouse and Landscape - Austin Hagan, Auburn University.
Vinca Control Strategies for Phytophthora Shoot Blight on Bedding Plants - A. K. Hagan, B. Behe, and J. R. Akridge
Auburn University, Auburn University

Scroll down further for more links, or go back to the top.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weeds

ARS Methal Bromide Research
Florida Weeds - University of Florida
Invasivespecies.gov - "the gateway to Federal efforts concerning invasive species" - Agricultural Library for the National Invasive Species Council.
Weed Identification Guide- Virginia Tech: "These pages are intended to aide in the identification of common weeds and weed seedlings found throughout Virginia and the Southeastern U.S."
Weed Science Program - Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (GCREC), Balm, Florida
Weed Science Society of America (includes plant ID photos)
Weed Science Terms  - University of Florida
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